深度贫困地区林业生态扶贫措施成效分析——以义县为例

现阶段，贫困地区的脱贫攻坚工作已经到了决战阶段，为了更好的实现深度贫困地区的脱贫 工作，该文针对义县实际，从生态扶贫的内涵、义县实施林业生态扶贫的必要性、林业生态扶贫的措施 及成效进行了阐述和分析，为今后的深度贫困地区进行林业生态扶贫提供有益借鉴。     

洛阳市植烟区生态环境聚类及烟叶化学成分分析

[目的]分析不同生态环境烟叶的化学成分差异性及适宜性。[方法]以降雨、海拔和日照条件为因子,对洛阳市烟区生态环境进行系统聚类,并抽取34个样品分析了不同生态环境中烟叶的化学成分含量及适宜性。[结果]与2015年全国平均含量相比,洛阳市烟叶的总植物碱、总氮和钾含量较低,淀粉和游离氨基酸含量略高,样品间氯含量、钾氯比和糖碱比变异较大;聚类分析将洛阳市烟区划分为A、B、C、D 4类小生态环境烟区;A类烟区烟叶的总植物碱、氯含量相对较高,D类烟区烟叶的钾氯比、糖碱比和氮碱比相对较高;4类烟区烟叶的总植物碱、总氮、游离氨基酸含量和氮碱比适宜性较好,碳水化合物含量高出适宜范围,糖碱比例不协调,钾、氯含量偏低。[结论]总体来看,A类烟区烟叶化学成分适宜性最佳。     

汀江似鮈(Pseudogobio vaillanti)生态环境和繁殖特性的调查

2014—2015年对宣成到官庄境内似鮈生活的汀江河段进行实地考察和采样,结果表明该江段水温、溶解氧和pH分别在17.2~28.5℃、7.03~8.63 mg/L和6.75~6.83之间变化;似鮈喜欢栖息多砾石或沙石的环境,一般隐蔽在石缝里。汀江似鮈每年4—7月为繁殖期,产卵盛期为5—6月;性成熟年龄为1~2龄,体重在8.1~56.3 g之间;雌鱼怀卵量为213~550粒/尾,相对繁殖力为20~120粒/g·体重,成熟系数为1.07%~8.37%,雄鱼成熟系数为0.41%~4.85%;产沉性卵,深黄色,卵径为(0.762±0.015)mm。产卵场水深约1.5~2.5 m,溶解氧为7.85~8.41 mg/L,水温为18.6~26.7℃,pH在6.8~7.2之间,底质以沙砾为主。     

不同养殖密度对紫贻贝和披针形蜈蚣藻生态混养的影响

通过混养生态系统模拟试验研究了紫贻贝(Grateloupia lanceolata)和披针形蜈蚣藻(Mytilus edulis)不同养殖密度组合下的生态混养状况。选取壳长(45.14±3.85)mm的紫贻贝和长度(62.48±7.38)mm的披针形蜈蚣藻,采用5种湿重配比进行混养实验,分别为G1(1∶0)、G2(1∶0.25)、G3(1∶0.5)、G4(1∶1)和G5(1∶2)。每种组合中紫贻贝密度均为0.63 ind·L~(-1),而披针形蜈蚣藻密度分别为0 g·L~(-1)、1.25 g·L~(-1)、2.5 g·L~(-1)、5 g·L~(-1)、10 g·L~(-1)。36 d后,G3组中紫贻贝特定生长率为(0.21±0.03)%·d-1,极显著高于其它混养组[(0.11±0.028)~(0.21±0.03)%·d-1,P0.01],而单养组的紫贻贝特定生长率仅为(0.063±0.022)%·d-1;G3组中披针形蜈蚣藻特定生长率为(0.96±0.20)%·d-1,极显著高于其它混养组[(0.62±0.16)~(0.96±0.20)%·d-1,P0.01]。G3组生态系统对营养盐(NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N、NH_4~+-N、PO3-4-P)的去除率分别达到(91.38±1.40)%、(96.79±1.97)%、(98.38±2.06)%、(96.86±3.16)%,显著高于G2组(P0.05),而与G4和G5组没有显著性差异(P0.05)。本研究结果表明,当紫贻贝与披针形蜈蚣藻湿重比为1∶0.5时,可以取得较好的生态效应。     

The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.     

Ecoviability for ecosystem‐based fisheries management

Reconciling food security, economic development and biodiversity conservation is a key challenge, especially in the face of the demographic transition characterizing many countries in the world. Fisheries and marine ecosystems constitute a difficult application of this bio‐economic challenge. Many experts and scientists advocate an ecosystem approach to manage marine socio‐ecosystems for their sustainability and resilience. However, the ways by which to operationalize ecosystem‐based fisheries management (EBFM) remain poorly specified. We propose a specific methodological framework—viability modelling—to do so. We show how viability modelling can be applied using four contrasted case‐studies: two small‐scale fisheries in South America and Pacific and two larger‐scale fisheries in Europe and Australia. The four fisheries are analysed using the same modelling framework, structured around a set of common methods, indicators and scenarios. The calibrated models are dynamic, multispecies and multifleet and account for various sources of uncertainty. A multicriteria evaluation is used to assess the scenarios’ outcomes over a long time horizon with different constraints based on ecological, social and economic reference points. Results show to what extent the bio‐economic and ecosystem risks associated with the adoption of status quo strategies are relatively high and challenge the implementation of EBFM. In contrast, strategies called ecoviability or co‐viability strategies, that aim at satisfying the viability constraints, reduce significantly these ecological and economic risks and promote EBFM. The gains associated with those ecoviability strategies, however, decrease with the intensity of regulations imposed on these fisheries.     

全国水土保持功能年度价值评价研究

依据《中华人民共和国水土保持法释义》对水土保持功能的定义,分析了水土保持设施、地貌植被所发挥或蕴藏的有利于保护水土资源、防灾减灾、改善生态、促进社会进步等作用的内涵。在借鉴国内外先进经验和研究成果基础上,结合我国水土流失特点、水土保持现状,界定出水土保持功能价值概念。采用生态经济学计量方法,结合实际调研情况,分析各个指标之间的逻辑关系,建立了水土保持功能价值评价模型。按照国家水土保持区划一级分区,适当考虑二级分区和三级分区,以及全国水土流失动态监测站网分布概况,收集39个典型县(市、区)2016年度的土壤、水文、气象等观测资料,测算出其水土保持功能价值,进而推算至全类型区,再从8个水土保持一级分区的水土保持功能价值推算出2016年度全国水土保持功能价值,并在对测算结果进行分析讨论的基础上,对国家制定水土保持生态文明对策提出了建议。     

陕西周至县猕猴桃的运输损坏研究

通过分析陕西猕猴桃自身的生理特性,并结合陕西周至县猕猴桃的包装形式及运输环境,找出猕猴桃运输损坏的原因,提出猕猴桃合理的运输方案,为快递企业生鲜水果的运输方式提供一定的理论参考。     

长江流域生物资源及生态环境研究进展

以CNKI平台中的文献数据,利用文献计量学方法,对其文献的增长趋势及期刊分布进行分析,并基于作者和机构合作网络、关键词共现的聚类知识图谱及突变检测等方法,探究我国长江流域生物资源及生态环境主题的研究热点及其研究前沿。研究表明:研究文献总体上呈递增趋势,2016年开始呈现激增态势;作者、机构间的交流合作较少,作者间合作大部分局限在机构内部的研究者之间的合作,合作相对活跃的机构主要有长江科学院、长江流域水资源保护局及长江水利委员会等;其优势学科领域主要为环境科学、区域经济学、水利工程学、农业经济等。当前我国长江流域生物资源及生态环境的研究领域有5个方向:(1)开展长江经济带城市群生态环境评价与保护、城镇化与生态文明建设,以及绿色发展等研究;(2)开展长江三峡与三峡库区的生态环境监测与保护、森林资源养护、水土保持与流失、资源与生态补偿机制研究及其生态环境的可持续发展等研究;(3)开展长江流域自然保护区的生态环境保护与规划、生态保护红线及其生物资源养护与生物多样性保护等研究;(4)在长江大保护背景下,开展长江流域生态环境的保护与修复、流域综合治理,以及水生生物资源的合理开发利用的研究;(5)开展长江源区水电资源开发、水环境保护及其渔业生态环境保护等研究。为科学管理和保护长江流域的重要生物资源,提出建立基于科学设计的全流域生物资源和环境监测系统,建立全流域的生物资源及生态系统的生物数据模型,发展长江流域渔业资源养护与开发的风险评估决策系统,发展长江流域科学的渔业资源增殖放流技术体系,发展基于GIS的长江全流域的渔业资源与环境监测和管理决策信息服务系统等建议。